Geography
Iran is located in Western Asia, covering an area of 1,648,195 square kilometers, making it the 16th largest country globally. It shares borders with Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Turkey, and Iraq. The country has diverse topography, including mountains, deserts, and coastal regions along the Caspian Sea and the Persian Gulf. The highest point is Mount Damavand at 5,628 meters, and the lowest is the Lut Desert at 56 meters above sea level. General Information of Iran
History
Ancient Period
Iran, historically known as Persia, was home to ancient civilizations such as the Elamites and the Medes. The Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BCE) was one of the largest empires in history, founded by Cyrus the Great. Ancient Iran | Britannica
Islamic Era
Following the Arab conquest in the 7th century, Iran became a center for Islamic culture and learning. The Safavid dynasty (1501–1736) established Twelver Shi'a Islam as the state religion, shaping Iran's religious identity.
Modern Era
In 1979, the Iranian Revolution led to the establishment of the Islamic Republic under Ayatollah Khomeini, replacing the monarchy. The revolution significantly altered Iran's political and social structures. Iran profile - full overview - BBC News
Politics and Government
Iran is an Islamic Republic with a political system combining elements of theocracy and democracy. The Supreme Leader holds significant authority over all branches of government. The President, elected every four years, oversees the executive branch. The legislative body is the Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majlis). Iran profile - full overview - BBC News
Economy
Iran's economy is characterized by its hydrocarbon sector, agriculture, and services. It ranks second globally in natural gas reserves and fifth in proven crude oil reserves. The country is also a leading producer of saffron, pistachios, and dates. Iran At a Glance
Demographics
Iran has a population exceeding 86 million, with a majority residing in urban areas. The official language is Persian (Farsi), and the predominant religion is Twelver Shi'a Islam. The country is ethnically diverse, including Persians, Azeris, Kurds, and others. General Information of Iran
Culture
Iran boasts a rich cultural heritage, contributing significantly to art, literature, and science. Persian literature, with poets like Rumi and Hafez, has had a profound influence. Traditional arts include carpet weaving, miniature painting, and calligraphy.
Human Rights
Iran has faced criticism for human rights violations, including restrictions on freedom of expression, assembly, and the press. Discrimination against women, ethnic minorities, and political dissidents has been reported. Iran | Country Page | World | Human Rights Watch
International Relations
Iran's foreign policy is influenced by its strategic location and resource wealth. It has faced international sanctions due to its nuclear program and alleged support for militant groups. Relations with neighboring countries and global powers remain complex and dynamic. Iran profile - full overview - BBC News
Recent Developments
In May 2024, President Ebrahim Raisi died in a helicopter crash, leading to early elections in June that brought Masoud Pezeshkian to office. The country continues to navigate internal challenges and international pressures. Iran | Country Page | World | Human Rights Watch