
Alphabet Inc. is an American multinational holding company formed in 2015 as the parent of Google and a portfolio of other businesses. Headquartered in Mountain View, California, it operates through Google Services, Google Cloud, and Other Bets, and uses a dual‑class share structure. Sundar Pichai has served as CEO since December 2019.

Apple Inc. is an American multinational technology company headquartered at Apple Park in Cupertino, California. Founded in 1976 by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne, Apple designs and sells consumer electronics, software, and services, including the iPhone, Mac, iPad, Apple Watch, and a growing portfolio of digital services. As of fiscal year 2024, Apple reported $391.0 billion in net sales and employed approximately 164,000 people worldwide.

IBM, or International Business Machines Corporation, is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Armonk, New York, known for its contributions to computer hardware, software, and services.

Meta Platforms, Inc. is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Menlo Park, California, that owns and operates Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp, Messenger, Threads, and other services. Rebranded from Facebook, Inc. in 2021, Meta reports results across two segments—Family of Apps and Reality Labs—while investing heavily in artificial intelligence and immersive computing, including Llama models, Ray‑Ban Meta smart glasses, and Quest headsets.

Vercel is an American cloud platform company founded in 2015 that provides developer tools, frameworks, and managed infrastructure for building and deploying modern web applications. The company maintains the Next.js framework and offers services such as serverless and Fluid compute, storage, and analytics, with customers ranging from startups to large enterprises.

Zscaler is an American cloud security company founded in 2007, specializing in zero trust network access and secure web gateways.