An ancient civilization is a complex society characterized by urban development, social stratification, a form of government, and symbolic systems of communication such as writing. These civilizations are typically associated with the period following the Neolithic Revolution, beginning around 3500–3000 BCE, and are noted for their lasting contributions to science, art, law, and philosophy.
The Bronze Age, spanning approximately 3300 to 1200 BCE, marks a pivotal era in human history characterized by the widespread use of bronze for tools and weapons, leading to significant advancements in metallurgy, urbanization, and the development of complex societies across various regions.