Biochemistry
Advanced glycation end-products
Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are irreversible adducts and cross-links formed when reducing sugars or reactive carbonyls non‑enzymatically modify proteins, lipids, or nucleic acids. AGEs accumulate with aging and in hyperglycemia, alter tissue mechanics, activate inflammatory pathways via receptors such as RAGE, and are implicated in diabetic complications, cardiovascular, renal, skeletal, and neurodegenerative disorders.
Bioluminescence
Bioluminescence is the emission of light by living organisms through chemical reactions within their bodies, serving various functions such as predation, defense, and communication.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a fundamental biological process by which plants, algae, and certain bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy, producing oxygen and glucose from carbon dioxide and water.