
Parallel computing is the design and use of computer systems that perform multiple computations simultaneously by dividing a problem into parts executed at the same time. It underpins high‑performance computing, large‑scale data processing, and modern AI/ML workloads, and spans architectures from multicore CPUs and GPUs to distributed clusters and supercomputers.
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The Turing test is a behavioral criterion for evaluating whether a machine can exhibit human-like conversational performance. Proposed in 1950 by British mathematician Alan Turing as the "imitation game," it assesses whether a human judge can distinguish a computer from a person through text-based dialogue. The test has shaped debates in artificial intelligence and philosophy of mind, inspiring critiques, competitions, and alternative benchmarks.