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Behavioral economics is a subfield of economics that integrates insights from psychology to explain how individuals make economic decisions, often deviating from the rational‑agent model. It examines cognitive biases, heuristics, and social influences that shape market outcomes.

Land is the solid, terrestrial surface of Earth not permanently submerged in water. It is a critical natural resource, a fundamental component of terrestrial ecosystems, and a central concept in law, economics, and human culture, encompassing soil, rocks, and the various landforms that constitute approximately 29.2% of the planet's surface.