Legal History
Millet system (Ottoman Empire)
The millet system was an Ottoman imperial framework for governing recognized religious communities, allowing considerable communal autonomy in personal-status law, education, worship, and charity under their own religious authorities. Its practices took shape over centuries and were reorganized and partially codified in the 19th century during the Tanzimat reforms, which also curtailed many earlier autonomies and introduced new notions of equal Ottoman citizenship.
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Roman Inquisition
The Roman Inquisition was the system of tribunals established by Pope Paul III in 1542 to combat heresy and police doctrine in the Papal States and much of the Italian peninsula. Administered by the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition (later the Holy Office), it oversaw heresy trials, censored books, and shaped Catholic reform during the Counter-Reformation; its institutional successor today is the Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith.