Oceanography
Oceanography is the interdisciplinary study of Earth’s global ocean, encompassing its physical dynamics, chemical composition, geological structures, and biological systems. The field integrates shipboard surveys, autonomous observing networks, satellite remote sensing, laboratory analyses, and numerical modeling to understand circulation, climate regulation, ecosystems, and the seafloor. Contemporary oceanography addresses issues such as ocean warming, sea-level rise, ocean acidification, deoxygenation, and mapping of the largely unexplored seabed.
