Materials Science
Cryogenics
Cryogenics is the branch of physics and engineering that studies the production and effects of extremely low temperatures, typically below -150°C (123 K). It encompasses the liquefaction of gases and the behavior of materials at these temperatures, with applications across various scientific and industrial fields.
Superconductivity
Superconductivity is a set of physical properties observed in certain materials where electrical resistance vanishes and magnetic flux fields are expelled from the material. Any material exhibiting these properties is a superconductor. Unlike an ordinary metallic conductor, whose resistance decreases gradually as its temperature is lowered, a superconductor has a characteristic critical temperature (Tc) below which the resistance drops abruptly to zero.