Mathematics
Actuary
An actuary is a professional who applies mathematical, statistical, and financial theories to assess and manage risks in various industries, notably insurance and finance. Their expertise is crucial in designing policies and strategies that ensure financial stability and compliance with regulatory standards.
Cryptography
Cryptography is the practice and study of secure communication techniques that protect information from unauthorized access and ensure data integrity, confidentiality, and authenticity.
Interval arithmetic
Interval arithmetic is a numerical framework in which numbers are represented as closed intervals and arithmetic operations are extended so that the exact result is guaranteed to lie within computed bounds. It underpins validated numerics, enabling mathematically rigorous control of rounding and data uncertainty in scientific computing, optimization, and computer‑assisted proofs. The approach has been formalized in the IEEE 1788 standard and is implemented in several software libraries across programming languages.
Pythagorean Theorem
The Pythagorean Theorem is a fundamental principle in Euclidean geometry that establishes a relationship between the sides of a right-angled triangle.