Middle Eastern History
Millet system (Ottoman Empire)
The millet system was an Ottoman imperial framework for governing recognized religious communities, allowing considerable communal autonomy in personal-status law, education, worship, and charity under their own religious authorities. Its practices took shape over centuries and were reorganized and partially codified in the 19th century during the Tanzimat reforms, which also curtailed many earlier autonomies and introduced new notions of equal Ottoman citizenship.
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire was a vast and enduring Islamic state founded around 1299 by Osman I, spanning over 600 years and encompassing regions across Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa.