Natural Hazards
Volcanic eruption
A volcanic eruption is the release of molten rock, gases, and fragmented material from a volcano onto Earth’s surface, driven by buoyant magma and the expansion of dissolved gases. Eruptions range from gentle effusions of lava to highly explosive events that inject ash and aerosols into the atmosphere, with impacts that can extend from local communities to global climate. The style and magnitude of eruptions depend chiefly on magma composition, viscosity, and gas content, as well as interaction with external water.
Volcanology
Volcanology is the scientific study of volcanoes, lava, magma, and related geological phenomena, encompassing their formation, eruption mechanisms, and impacts on the environment and human societies.