Scientific Computing
High-performance computing
High-performance computing (HPC) is the practice of aggregating large numbers of processors, accelerators, memory, and storage into tightly interconnected systems to solve computation- and data-intensive problems. It encompasses supercomputers and clusters, specialized networks and file systems, and software stacks designed for parallelism, and is used across fields such as weather forecasting, materials science, energy, and artificial intelligence.
Interval arithmetic
Interval arithmetic is a numerical framework in which numbers are represented as closed intervals and arithmetic operations are extended so that the exact result is guaranteed to lie within computed bounds. It underpins validated numerics, enabling mathematically rigorous control of rounding and data uncertainty in scientific computing, optimization, and computer‑assisted proofs. The approach has been formalized in the IEEE 1788 standard and is implemented in several software libraries across programming languages.