Writing Systems
Calligraphy
Calligraphy is the art of beautiful writing achieved through controlled, expressive strokes using tools such as pens or brushes with ink. Across cultures—including East Asia, the Islamic world, and the Latin West—it has developed distinct scripts, materials, and aesthetic philosophies, and continues to influence book arts, typography, and design.
Hieroglyph
Hieroglyphs are characters in a pictorial writing system, notably used in ancient Egypt, where symbols represent objects, sounds, or concepts. This script was integral to Egyptian culture, appearing on monuments, tombs, and papyri.
Phoenician alphabet
The Phoenician alphabet is a Northwest Semitic consonantal writing system (abjad) of 22 letters, written right to left and used across the eastern and central Mediterranean in the early 1st millennium BCE. Developed from Proto‑Canaanite/Proto‑Sinaitic antecedents, it became a principal ancestor of later scripts, notably Greek and Aramaic, and through them influenced many modern writing systems.